(English follows)
Zunun Qadiri (1911-1989) 20-esir Uyghur edebiyatidiki tonulghan yazghuchi, dramatorg, shundaqla Uyghur hazirqi zaman prozichiliqining asaschiliridin biri.
Zunun Qadirining edebiy ijadiyiti 1930-yillarning ikkinchi yerimida bashlan’ghan bolup, deslep sehne eserliri ijadiyiti bilen tonulghan, kéyinche nuqtiliq halda proza ijadiyiti bilen shoghullan’ghan. Uning edebiy eserliri ichide “Ghunchem” (1939) namliq dramisi, “Maghdur ketkende” (1948), “Chéniqish” (1955) namliq hékaye-powéstliri hemde “Xatirler” (1981) namliq eslimisi wekillik xaraktérige ige bolup, Uyghur hazirqi zaman edebiyatidiki tesiri zor örnek eserler hésablinidu.
Zunun Qadirining proza ijadiyitidiki eng yaxshi eserliri Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti (1944-1949) mezgilide Ghuljada yézilghan. U bu mezgilde Ilida chiqidighan muhim gézit-zhurnallarda tehrir we yazghuchi bolup ishligen hemde Ilidiki Uyghur déhqanlirining hayatini özining yoqiri bed’iy maharet bilen yézilghan réalistik hékayiliride ekis-ettürgen. 1949-yilidiki Kommunist Xitay istilasidin kéyin, u Ghuljadin Ürümchige yötkilip, Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonluq Edebiyat-Sen’etchiler Jem’iyitide kespiy yazghuchi bolghan. 1950-yillarda u “Chéniqish” namliq powésti bilen dangq chiqarghan bolsimu, emma Kommunist Xitay réjimining siyasiy jehettiki bésimi we edebiyat-sen’et ijadiyitige bolghan qattiq kontrolluqi seweblik, yazghan eserlirini köp qétim özgertish we siyasiy teshwiqatqa maslashturush mejburiyitide qalghan.
1950-yillarning ikkinchi yérimidin bashlan’ghan türlük siyasiy heriketler jeryanida yazghuchi Zunun Qadirigha bolghan siyasiy bésim barghanséri küchiyishke bashlighan. 1962-yili Ili-Chöchek weqesi yüz bérip, 100 mingdin artuq Uyghur we Qazaq ahaliliri yurt-makanlirini tashlap kolléktip halda Sowét Ittipaqigha qéchip ketken. Bu weqe Kommunist Xitay hökümitining Sherqiy Türkistandiki Uyghur we Qazaq serxillirini “rewiziyonist”, “Sowét Ittipaqi jasusi” dégen qalpaqlar bilen zerbe bérishige seweb bolghan. Bu mezgilde Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonluq Edebiyat-Sen’etchiler Jem’iyitining muawin reisi bolup wezipe ötewatqan yazghuchi Zunun Qadirimu zerbe bérish nishanigha aylan’ghan. 1963-yili u “yerlik milletchi”, “Sowét réwiziyonistlirining yalaqchisi” dégen qalpaqlar bilen Aqsu wilayitige qarashliq bir déhqanchiliq meydanigha a’ilisi bilen birlikte sürgün qilin’ghan we réjim astida mejburiy emgekke sélin’ghan. Medeniyet Inqilabi jeryanda qizil qoghdighuchilar teripidin köp qétim küreshke tartilghan we “pipen” qilin’ghan, rohiy we jismaniy jehettin éghir zerbige uchrap, kishilik ghururi depsende qilinghan. U 1963-yilidin taki 1979-yilining axirighiche bolghan 17 yil jeryanida sürgün, éghir emgek we siyasiy bésim astida a’ilisi bilen insan tesewwur qilghusiz éghir künlerni bashtin kechürgen.
1980-yili uning nami eslige keltürülüp, Ürümchige qaytip kelgen bolsimu, emma uzun yilliq sürgün we bésim astida salametliki nacharliship, ikki közi körmes bolup qalghan. U 1980-yillarning bashlirida “xatireler” namliq eslimisining bash qismini yézip tügetken bolsimu, emma közi körmes bolup qalghanliqtin, dawamini ün’alghu léntisigha awazliq sözlep bérishke mejbur bolghan. Zunun Qadiri 1989-yili dawalinish we tughqan yoqlash üchün Sowét Ittipaqigha qilghan ziyariti esnasida Qazaqistan paytexti Almutada wapat bolghan.
Zunun Qadirining hayati we edebiy ijadiyiti 20-esir Uyghur tarixidiki dawalghup turghan yillargha, Xitay bilen Sabiq Sowét Ittipaqidin ibaret ikki chong küchning Sherqiy Türkistandiki tesir daire talishish jeryanlirigha yandashqan. Bu réalliq xususen uning edebiy ijadiyitigimu tesir körsetken. Shunga uning edebiy eserliridin Uyghur xelqining 1940-yillardiki milliy azadliq küreshliri we hörlükke bolghan telpünüshlirini, Gumindang dewridiki Xitay militaristlirining Uyghur xelqige salghan zulumlirini, Sowét Ittipaqi we kommunizm mepkurisining Sherqiy Türkistan’gha körsetken tesirini, shundaqla Maw réjimi we Xitay kommunistlirining rayondiki yerlik milletlerge élip kelgen bextsizliklirini chongqur hés qilishqa bolidu.
English starts here
Zunun Qadiri (1911–1989) was a renowned Uyghur writer, playwright, and one of the founding figures of modern Uyghur prose in the 20th century. His literary journey commenced in the late 1930s, initially gaining recognition for his stage plays before transitioning primarily to prose writing. Among his most notable works are the drama Ghunchem"(1939), the novellas "When the Strength Are Gone" (1948) and "Excise" (1955), and his memoir Recollections (1981). These works stand as significant contributions to modern Uyghur literature, reflecting profound artistic and cultural value.
Zunun Qadiri’s finest prose works were created during the East Turkestan Republic era (1944–1949) in Ghulja. During this period, he served as an editor and writer for major newspapers and journals in Ili, skillfully depicting the lives of Uyghur farmers through realistic narratives enriched with remarkable artistic mastery. Following the Communist Chinese occupation in 1949, he relocated from Ghulja to Ürümqi, where he became a professional writer at the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Literary and Art Workers Association. Despite achieving widespread recognition in the 1950s with his novella "Exicise", he faced mounting political pressure and stringent censorship under the Communist regime, which compelled him to repeatedly revise his works to conform to political restrictions.
By the late 1950s, political campaigns intensified, and Zunun Qadiri became a target of severe repression. Following the Ili-Chöchek Incident (Yi-Ta Incident) in 1962, which saw over 100,000 Uyghurs and Kazakhs flee collectively to the Soviet Union, the Chinese Communist government launched crackdowns on local Uyghur and Kazakh intellectuals, branding them as “revisionists” and “Soviet spies.”
During this time, Zunun Qadiri, who was serving as the deputy chairman of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Literary and Art Workers Association, was accused of being a “local nationalist” and a “Soviet revisionist collaborator.” In 1963, he was exiled with his family to a collective farming area in Aksu Prefecture, where he endured forced labor under harsh conditions. During the Cultural Revolution, he was repeatedly subjected to public humiliation, persecution, and physical and mental abuse, suffering immense hardship and degradation of his dignity. From 1963 to 1979, Zunun Qadiri and his family endured unimaginable suffering under exile, forced labor, and relentless political pressure.
In 1980, Zunun Qadir’s name was rehabilitated, and he returned to Ürümqi. However, decades of exile and persecution had taken a severe toll on his health, leaving him blind. In the early 1980s, he managed to complete the initial sections of his memoir Recollections, but due to his blindness, he was forced to dictate the remainder, which was recorded on audio tapes. In 1989, during a visit to the Soviet Union for medical treatment and to reunite with relatives, Zunun Qadiri passed away in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Zunun Qadiri’s life and literary works are deeply intertwined with the turbulent history of the 20th-century Uyghurs, reflecting the struggle for dominance between two major powers—China and the Soviet Union—over East Turkestan. This historical reality profoundly influenced his literary creations. His works vividly portray the Uyghur people's national liberation struggles and their aspirations for freedom during the 1940s, the oppression inflicted by Chinese militarists during the Kuomintang era, the impact of Soviet Union policies and communist ideology on East Turkestan, and the suffering brought by Mao’s regime and Chinese communists to local ethnic groups.
Zunun Qadiri (1911-1989) 20-esir Uyghur edebiyatidiki tonulghan yazghuchi, dramatorg, shundaqla Uyghur hazirqi zaman prozichiliqining asaschiliridin biri.
Zunun Qadirining edebiy ijadiyiti 1930-yillarning ikkinchi yerimida bashlan’ghan bolup, deslep sehne eserliri ijadiyiti bilen tonulghan, kéyinche nuqtiliq halda proza ijadiyiti bilen shoghullan’ghan. Uning edebiy eserliri ichide “Ghunchem” (1939) namliq dramisi, “Maghdur ketkende” (1948), “Chéniqish” (1955) namliq hékaye-powéstliri hemde “Xatirler” (1981) namliq eslimisi wekillik xaraktérige ige bolup, Uyghur hazirqi zaman edebiyatidiki tesiri zor örnek eserler hésablinidu.
Zunun Qadirining proza ijadiyitidiki eng yaxshi eserliri Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti (1944-1949) mezgilide Ghuljada yézilghan. U bu mezgilde Ilida chiqidighan muhim gézit-zhurnallarda tehrir we yazghuchi bolup ishligen hemde Ilidiki Uyghur déhqanlirining hayatini özining yoqiri bed’iy maharet bilen yézilghan réalistik hékayiliride ekis-ettürgen. 1949-yilidiki Kommunist Xitay istilasidin kéyin, u Ghuljadin Ürümchige yötkilip, Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonluq Edebiyat-Sen’etchiler Jem’iyitide kespiy yazghuchi bolghan. 1950-yillarda u “Chéniqish” namliq powésti bilen dangq chiqarghan bolsimu, emma Kommunist Xitay réjimining siyasiy jehettiki bésimi we edebiyat-sen’et ijadiyitige bolghan qattiq kontrolluqi seweblik, yazghan eserlirini köp qétim özgertish we siyasiy teshwiqatqa maslashturush mejburiyitide qalghan.
1950-yillarning ikkinchi yérimidin bashlan’ghan türlük siyasiy heriketler jeryanida yazghuchi Zunun Qadirigha bolghan siyasiy bésim barghanséri küchiyishke bashlighan. 1962-yili Ili-Chöchek weqesi yüz bérip, 100 mingdin artuq Uyghur we Qazaq ahaliliri yurt-makanlirini tashlap kolléktip halda Sowét Ittipaqigha qéchip ketken. Bu weqe Kommunist Xitay hökümitining Sherqiy Türkistandiki Uyghur we Qazaq serxillirini “rewiziyonist”, “Sowét Ittipaqi jasusi” dégen qalpaqlar bilen zerbe bérishige seweb bolghan. Bu mezgilde Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonluq Edebiyat-Sen’etchiler Jem’iyitining muawin reisi bolup wezipe ötewatqan yazghuchi Zunun Qadirimu zerbe bérish nishanigha aylan’ghan. 1963-yili u “yerlik milletchi”, “Sowét réwiziyonistlirining yalaqchisi” dégen qalpaqlar bilen Aqsu wilayitige qarashliq bir déhqanchiliq meydanigha a’ilisi bilen birlikte sürgün qilin’ghan we réjim astida mejburiy emgekke sélin’ghan. Medeniyet Inqilabi jeryanda qizil qoghdighuchilar teripidin köp qétim küreshke tartilghan we “pipen” qilin’ghan, rohiy we jismaniy jehettin éghir zerbige uchrap, kishilik ghururi depsende qilinghan. U 1963-yilidin taki 1979-yilining axirighiche bolghan 17 yil jeryanida sürgün, éghir emgek we siyasiy bésim astida a’ilisi bilen insan tesewwur qilghusiz éghir künlerni bashtin kechürgen.
1980-yili uning nami eslige keltürülüp, Ürümchige qaytip kelgen bolsimu, emma uzun yilliq sürgün we bésim astida salametliki nacharliship, ikki közi körmes bolup qalghan. U 1980-yillarning bashlirida “xatireler” namliq eslimisining bash qismini yézip tügetken bolsimu, emma közi körmes bolup qalghanliqtin, dawamini ün’alghu léntisigha awazliq sözlep bérishke mejbur bolghan. Zunun Qadiri 1989-yili dawalinish we tughqan yoqlash üchün Sowét Ittipaqigha qilghan ziyariti esnasida Qazaqistan paytexti Almutada wapat bolghan.
Zunun Qadirining hayati we edebiy ijadiyiti 20-esir Uyghur tarixidiki dawalghup turghan yillargha, Xitay bilen Sabiq Sowét Ittipaqidin ibaret ikki chong küchning Sherqiy Türkistandiki tesir daire talishish jeryanlirigha yandashqan. Bu réalliq xususen uning edebiy ijadiyitigimu tesir körsetken. Shunga uning edebiy eserliridin Uyghur xelqining 1940-yillardiki milliy azadliq küreshliri we hörlükke bolghan telpünüshlirini, Gumindang dewridiki Xitay militaristlirining Uyghur xelqige salghan zulumlirini, Sowét Ittipaqi we kommunizm mepkurisining Sherqiy Türkistan’gha körsetken tesirini, shundaqla Maw réjimi we Xitay kommunistlirining rayondiki yerlik milletlerge élip kelgen bextsizliklirini chongqur hés qilishqa bolidu.
English starts here
Zunun Qadiri (1911–1989) was a renowned Uyghur writer, playwright, and one of the founding figures of modern Uyghur prose in the 20th century. His literary journey commenced in the late 1930s, initially gaining recognition for his stage plays before transitioning primarily to prose writing. Among his most notable works are the drama Ghunchem"(1939), the novellas "When the Strength Are Gone" (1948) and "Excise" (1955), and his memoir Recollections (1981). These works stand as significant contributions to modern Uyghur literature, reflecting profound artistic and cultural value.
Zunun Qadiri’s finest prose works were created during the East Turkestan Republic era (1944–1949) in Ghulja. During this period, he served as an editor and writer for major newspapers and journals in Ili, skillfully depicting the lives of Uyghur farmers through realistic narratives enriched with remarkable artistic mastery. Following the Communist Chinese occupation in 1949, he relocated from Ghulja to Ürümqi, where he became a professional writer at the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Literary and Art Workers Association. Despite achieving widespread recognition in the 1950s with his novella "Exicise", he faced mounting political pressure and stringent censorship under the Communist regime, which compelled him to repeatedly revise his works to conform to political restrictions.
By the late 1950s, political campaigns intensified, and Zunun Qadiri became a target of severe repression. Following the Ili-Chöchek Incident (Yi-Ta Incident) in 1962, which saw over 100,000 Uyghurs and Kazakhs flee collectively to the Soviet Union, the Chinese Communist government launched crackdowns on local Uyghur and Kazakh intellectuals, branding them as “revisionists” and “Soviet spies.”
During this time, Zunun Qadiri, who was serving as the deputy chairman of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Literary and Art Workers Association, was accused of being a “local nationalist” and a “Soviet revisionist collaborator.” In 1963, he was exiled with his family to a collective farming area in Aksu Prefecture, where he endured forced labor under harsh conditions. During the Cultural Revolution, he was repeatedly subjected to public humiliation, persecution, and physical and mental abuse, suffering immense hardship and degradation of his dignity. From 1963 to 1979, Zunun Qadiri and his family endured unimaginable suffering under exile, forced labor, and relentless political pressure.
In 1980, Zunun Qadir’s name was rehabilitated, and he returned to Ürümqi. However, decades of exile and persecution had taken a severe toll on his health, leaving him blind. In the early 1980s, he managed to complete the initial sections of his memoir Recollections, but due to his blindness, he was forced to dictate the remainder, which was recorded on audio tapes. In 1989, during a visit to the Soviet Union for medical treatment and to reunite with relatives, Zunun Qadiri passed away in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Zunun Qadiri’s life and literary works are deeply intertwined with the turbulent history of the 20th-century Uyghurs, reflecting the struggle for dominance between two major powers—China and the Soviet Union—over East Turkestan. This historical reality profoundly influenced his literary creations. His works vividly portray the Uyghur people's national liberation struggles and their aspirations for freedom during the 1940s, the oppression inflicted by Chinese militarists during the Kuomintang era, the impact of Soviet Union policies and communist ideology on East Turkestan, and the suffering brought by Mao’s regime and Chinese communists to local ethnic groups.
