(English follows)
Turghun Almas 20-esir Uyghur tarixidiki muhim shexslerning biri, tonulghan tarixchi we shair. U 1989-yili neshir qilin’ghan “Uyghurlar” qatarliq üch kitabi seweblik Xitay kommunist hakimiyiti teripidin zerbige uchrighan, ömrining axirighiche neshir hoquqi élip tashlan’ghan we barliq eserliri cheklen’gen Uyghur bilim ademlirining biri.
Turghun Almas 1924-yili 10-ayning 30-küni Qeshqer Konasheher nahiyesi Döletbagh yézisida tughulghan. 1934-yilidin 1939-yiligghiche Qeshqerde bashlanghuch we ottura mekteplerde oqughan. 1939-yilidin 1942-yilighiche Ürümchidiki sabiq Shinjang ölkilik pédagogika mektipide oqughan. 1941-yilidin bashlap edebiy ijadiyetke kiriship, köpligen shéir we bashqa zhanérdiki edebiy eserlerni élan qilghan. 1943-yili yazghan shéirliri seweblik militarist Shéng Shisey we Gomindang da’iriliri teripidin qolgha élinip, türmige tashlan’ghan. Türmidiki yillirida “tutqun”, “azadliq mesh’ili”, “ikki tamche yash” qatarliq yalqunluq shé’irlarni yézip, mexpiy tarqatqan.
1946-yilining bashlirida Ilidiki Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti wekilliri bilen Gomindang merkiziy hökümiti otturisida tinchliq söhbiti dawamlishiwatqan mezgilde, u türmidin qoyup bérilip, yurti Qeshqerge qaytqan. Uning shu mezgilde yazghan “Tenlirim Yapraq” namliq shéiri xelq ichige keng tarqilip, küchlük tesir peyda qilghan. Bu shéir kéyinche xelq ichide naxsha tékistige aylinip, Uyghur xelqi bügüngiche yaqturup anglaydighan xelq naxshilirining birige aylan’ghan.
1947-yili 5-ayda Gomindang hökümitining toluq hoquqluq wekili Jang Jijung Qeshqerni ziyaret qilghanda, Turghun Almas yerlik Uyghur yashlirini teshkillep, Gomindang hökümranliqigha qarshi ammiwiy namayish teshkilligen, shundaqla yashlar wekili süpitide otturigha chiqip Jang Jijunggha telepname sunghan. Ikki aydin kéyin u Gomindang saqchiliri teripidin Qeshqerde yene qolgha élinip, türmige tashlan’ghan. 1949-yili 4-ayda türmidin chiqip, Ürümchi arqiliq Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti milliy armiyesining kontrolluqidiki Iligha qéchip bérip panahlan’ghan.
1949-yilining axiri Kommunist Xitay hakimiyiti Sherqiy Türkistanni ishghal qilghandin kéyin, Turghun Almas Ghulja, Ürümchi, Qeshqer qatarliq jaylarda hökümet xizmitide bolghan. 1953-yilidin kéyin Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonluq Edebiyat-Sen’etchiler Birleshmiside tehrir, terjiman we kespiy yazghuchi bolup ishligen.
Turghun Almas 1950-yillardin buyan, bir tereptin edebiy ijadiyet bilen shoghullinip, köpligen shéir, hekaye, powést we dramilarni yazghan. Yene bir tereptin, Uyghur tarixi we Uyghur edebiyati tarixi tetqiqati bilen shoghullinip, xéli köp eserlerni élan qilghan. Halbuki, 1957-yilining axiri bashlan’ghan “Ongchilargha we Yerlik Milletchilerge qarshi heriket” jeryanida, shundaqla uningdin kéyinki Medeniyet Zor Inqilabi jeryanida, eserliri tenqid qilinip, siyasiy teqipke élin’ghan. Uzun mezgil emgek lagérlirigha sürgün qilinip, yéziqchiliq we edebiy ijadiyettin mehrum qilin’ghan.
1980-yillarning bashliridin étibaren, Turghun Almas yashinip qalghanliqigha qarimay Uyghur edebiyati we Uyghur tarixi boyiche japaliq izdinishke, shundaqla maqale we eserlirini arqa-arqidin élan qilishqa bashlighan. 1989-yili, yeni Béyjingda Tyen’enmén oqughuchilar herikiti yüz bérip, pütün Xitayda démokratiye sadaliri yoqiri pellige kötürülgen mezgillerde, Turghun Almasning “Uyghurlar”, “Hunlarning Qisqiche Tarixi” we “Qedimki Uyghur Edebiyati” namliq 3 kitabi arqa-arqidin neshir qilinip, Uyghur oqurmenliri arisida küchük tesir peyda qilghan. Halbuki, Tyen’enmen oqughuchilar herikiti bashturulup uzun ötmeyla, Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonluq Partkom teshwiqat bölümi Ürümchide tarixchi Turghun Almas yazghan “Uyghurlar” namliq 3 kitabni tenqidlesh boyiche keng kölemlik siyasiy heriket qozghighan. Pütkül Xitay miqyasidin 100 din artuq hökümet tarixchisi bilen teshwiqat sahesidiki muhim kishiler Ürümchige chaqirtilip, Turghun Almas yazghan “üch kitab”ni tenqidlesh we pash qilish yighinliri uyushturulghan. Ularning “üch kitab” toghrisida yazghan tenqidiy maqaliriliri “Shinjang Géziti” we bashqa hökümet metbu’atlirida yillarche ulap bésilghan. 1989-yilining ikkinchi yérimidin 1990-yillarning deslepki yillirighiche bolghan jeryanda, Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonidiki aliy mektepler, edebiyat-sen’et sahesi, pen-tetqiqat we medeniyet idariliri, shundaqla bashqa hökümet organlirida Turghun Almasning “Uyghurlar” qatarqliq üch kitabini tenqidlesh boyiche “tenqid we terbiye” herikiti élip bérilghan.
Shuningdin kéyin tarixchi Turghun Almasning yézish we eser élan qilish hoquqi élip tashlinip, axiriqi ömri siyasiy teqip ichide ötken. Halbuki, Xitay hökümet da’iriliri tarixchi Turghun Almas we uning eserlirini qanche chekligen’séri, uning Uyghur xelqi arisidiki abroyi we tesiri shunche zoriyip barghan. Uning “Uyghurlar” qatarqliq “üch kitabi” Xitay hökümiti teripidin buyruq boyiche yighiwélin’ghan we qattiq cheklen’gen bolsimu, emma kéyinche bu kitablar muahirettiki Uyghurlar teripidin köp qetim neshir qilin’ghan hem tarqitilghan.
Tarixchi we shair Turghun Almas kéyinki ömrini Urümchide nezerbend astida ötküzüp, 2001-yili 77 yéshida alemdin ötken.
English starts here
Turghun Almas (1924-2001) was a significant figure in 20th-century Uyghur history, renowned as a historian and poet. He faced severe repression from the Chinese Communist Party due to the publication of three works, including The Uyghurs in 1989. He was stripped of his publishing rights for life, and all his works were banned, yet he remains one of the most influential representatives of the Uyghur intellectual community.
Turghun Almas was born on October 30, 1924, in Döletbagh Township, Konasheher (Shule) County, Kashgar. From 1934 to 1939, he received primary and secondary education in Kashgar, and from 1939 to 1942, he studied at the former Xinjiang Provincial Normal School in Ürümchi (Ürumqi) . He began his literary career in 1941, publishing a large number of poems and other literary works. In 1943, his poetry angered the warlord Sheng Shicai and the Nationalist authorities, leading to his imprisonment. While in prison, he wrote passionate poems such as "Prisoner," "Torch of Freedom," and "Two drops of tears," which were secretly circulated.
In early 1946, during peace negotiations between representatives of the East Turkestan Republic in Ili and the Guomindang Central Government, Turghun Almas was released and returned to his hometown of Kashgar. His poem from that period, "My Body is Like a Fallen Leaf," became widely popular among the people and had a profound impact. The poem was later adapted into a song, becoming a classic still sung by the Uyghur people today.
In May 1947, when Zhang Zhizhong, the plenipotentiary representative of the Guomindang Central Government in Xinjiang, visited Kashgar, Turghun Almas organized local Uyghur youth to stage mass demonstrations against Nationalist Chinese rule. As a youth representative, he submitted a petition to Zhang Zhizhong. Two months later, he was arrested again by the Chinese police in Kashgar. After his release in April 1949, he fled via Ürümchii to the Ili region, which was under the control of the East Turkestan Republic's national army, seeking refuge.
After the Chinese Communist Party won the civil war against the Nationalists and occupied East Turkestan at the end of 1949, Turghun Almas worked in government institutions in Ghulja (Yining), Ürümchi, and Kashgar. Starting in 1953, he served as an editor, translator, and professional writer at the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Federation of Literary and Art Circles
From the 1950s onward, Turghun Almas continued his literary creations, producing numerous poems, novels, and plays, while also dedicating himself to the study of Uyghur history and literary history, publishing many works. However, during the "Anti-Rightist and Anti-Local Nationalism Campaign" that began at the end of 1957 and the subsequent Cultural Revolution, his works were criticized, and he was politically persecuted. He was sent to labor reform camps for an extended period and stripped of his rights to write and create.
In the early 1980s, Turghun Almas resumed his research on Uyghur literature and history, publishing papers and monographs. Between 1986 and 1989, his three major works—The Uyghurs, A Brief History of the Huns, and Ancient Uyghur Literature—were published, creating a significant impact among Uyghur readers.
However, following the suppression of the students’ protests at the Tiananmen Square, the Propaganda Department of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Party Committee launched a large-scale political campaign in Ürümchii. Over a hundred government backed historians and propaganda officials from across the country were mobilized to criticize Turghun Almas's three works. Related critical articles were published in official media such as Xinjiang Daily for several years. From the second half of 1989 to the early 1990s, universities, literary circles, research institutes, and government agencies in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region conducted "critical education" campaigns targeting these three books.
Thereafter, historian Turghun Almas was deprived of his rights to write and publish. He spent his later years under political repression and house arrest. Despite the Chinese government's strict restrictions on his works, his reputation and influence among the Uyghur people continued to grow. Although The Uyghurs and his other two books were ordered to be confiscated and strictly banned by the Chinese government, they were later repeatedly published and disseminated by exiled Uyghur communities and organizations.
Historian and poet Turghun Almas passed away in Ürümchi in 2001 at the age of 77.
Turghun Almas 20-esir Uyghur tarixidiki muhim shexslerning biri, tonulghan tarixchi we shair. U 1989-yili neshir qilin’ghan “Uyghurlar” qatarliq üch kitabi seweblik Xitay kommunist hakimiyiti teripidin zerbige uchrighan, ömrining axirighiche neshir hoquqi élip tashlan’ghan we barliq eserliri cheklen’gen Uyghur bilim ademlirining biri.
Turghun Almas 1924-yili 10-ayning 30-küni Qeshqer Konasheher nahiyesi Döletbagh yézisida tughulghan. 1934-yilidin 1939-yiligghiche Qeshqerde bashlanghuch we ottura mekteplerde oqughan. 1939-yilidin 1942-yilighiche Ürümchidiki sabiq Shinjang ölkilik pédagogika mektipide oqughan. 1941-yilidin bashlap edebiy ijadiyetke kiriship, köpligen shéir we bashqa zhanérdiki edebiy eserlerni élan qilghan. 1943-yili yazghan shéirliri seweblik militarist Shéng Shisey we Gomindang da’iriliri teripidin qolgha élinip, türmige tashlan’ghan. Türmidiki yillirida “tutqun”, “azadliq mesh’ili”, “ikki tamche yash” qatarliq yalqunluq shé’irlarni yézip, mexpiy tarqatqan.
1946-yilining bashlirida Ilidiki Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti wekilliri bilen Gomindang merkiziy hökümiti otturisida tinchliq söhbiti dawamlishiwatqan mezgilde, u türmidin qoyup bérilip, yurti Qeshqerge qaytqan. Uning shu mezgilde yazghan “Tenlirim Yapraq” namliq shéiri xelq ichige keng tarqilip, küchlük tesir peyda qilghan. Bu shéir kéyinche xelq ichide naxsha tékistige aylinip, Uyghur xelqi bügüngiche yaqturup anglaydighan xelq naxshilirining birige aylan’ghan.
1947-yili 5-ayda Gomindang hökümitining toluq hoquqluq wekili Jang Jijung Qeshqerni ziyaret qilghanda, Turghun Almas yerlik Uyghur yashlirini teshkillep, Gomindang hökümranliqigha qarshi ammiwiy namayish teshkilligen, shundaqla yashlar wekili süpitide otturigha chiqip Jang Jijunggha telepname sunghan. Ikki aydin kéyin u Gomindang saqchiliri teripidin Qeshqerde yene qolgha élinip, türmige tashlan’ghan. 1949-yili 4-ayda türmidin chiqip, Ürümchi arqiliq Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti milliy armiyesining kontrolluqidiki Iligha qéchip bérip panahlan’ghan.
1949-yilining axiri Kommunist Xitay hakimiyiti Sherqiy Türkistanni ishghal qilghandin kéyin, Turghun Almas Ghulja, Ürümchi, Qeshqer qatarliq jaylarda hökümet xizmitide bolghan. 1953-yilidin kéyin Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonluq Edebiyat-Sen’etchiler Birleshmiside tehrir, terjiman we kespiy yazghuchi bolup ishligen.
Turghun Almas 1950-yillardin buyan, bir tereptin edebiy ijadiyet bilen shoghullinip, köpligen shéir, hekaye, powést we dramilarni yazghan. Yene bir tereptin, Uyghur tarixi we Uyghur edebiyati tarixi tetqiqati bilen shoghullinip, xéli köp eserlerni élan qilghan. Halbuki, 1957-yilining axiri bashlan’ghan “Ongchilargha we Yerlik Milletchilerge qarshi heriket” jeryanida, shundaqla uningdin kéyinki Medeniyet Zor Inqilabi jeryanida, eserliri tenqid qilinip, siyasiy teqipke élin’ghan. Uzun mezgil emgek lagérlirigha sürgün qilinip, yéziqchiliq we edebiy ijadiyettin mehrum qilin’ghan.
1980-yillarning bashliridin étibaren, Turghun Almas yashinip qalghanliqigha qarimay Uyghur edebiyati we Uyghur tarixi boyiche japaliq izdinishke, shundaqla maqale we eserlirini arqa-arqidin élan qilishqa bashlighan. 1989-yili, yeni Béyjingda Tyen’enmén oqughuchilar herikiti yüz bérip, pütün Xitayda démokratiye sadaliri yoqiri pellige kötürülgen mezgillerde, Turghun Almasning “Uyghurlar”, “Hunlarning Qisqiche Tarixi” we “Qedimki Uyghur Edebiyati” namliq 3 kitabi arqa-arqidin neshir qilinip, Uyghur oqurmenliri arisida küchük tesir peyda qilghan. Halbuki, Tyen’enmen oqughuchilar herikiti bashturulup uzun ötmeyla, Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonluq Partkom teshwiqat bölümi Ürümchide tarixchi Turghun Almas yazghan “Uyghurlar” namliq 3 kitabni tenqidlesh boyiche keng kölemlik siyasiy heriket qozghighan. Pütkül Xitay miqyasidin 100 din artuq hökümet tarixchisi bilen teshwiqat sahesidiki muhim kishiler Ürümchige chaqirtilip, Turghun Almas yazghan “üch kitab”ni tenqidlesh we pash qilish yighinliri uyushturulghan. Ularning “üch kitab” toghrisida yazghan tenqidiy maqaliriliri “Shinjang Géziti” we bashqa hökümet metbu’atlirida yillarche ulap bésilghan. 1989-yilining ikkinchi yérimidin 1990-yillarning deslepki yillirighiche bolghan jeryanda, Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonidiki aliy mektepler, edebiyat-sen’et sahesi, pen-tetqiqat we medeniyet idariliri, shundaqla bashqa hökümet organlirida Turghun Almasning “Uyghurlar” qatarqliq üch kitabini tenqidlesh boyiche “tenqid we terbiye” herikiti élip bérilghan.
Shuningdin kéyin tarixchi Turghun Almasning yézish we eser élan qilish hoquqi élip tashlinip, axiriqi ömri siyasiy teqip ichide ötken. Halbuki, Xitay hökümet da’iriliri tarixchi Turghun Almas we uning eserlirini qanche chekligen’séri, uning Uyghur xelqi arisidiki abroyi we tesiri shunche zoriyip barghan. Uning “Uyghurlar” qatarqliq “üch kitabi” Xitay hökümiti teripidin buyruq boyiche yighiwélin’ghan we qattiq cheklen’gen bolsimu, emma kéyinche bu kitablar muahirettiki Uyghurlar teripidin köp qetim neshir qilin’ghan hem tarqitilghan.
Tarixchi we shair Turghun Almas kéyinki ömrini Urümchide nezerbend astida ötküzüp, 2001-yili 77 yéshida alemdin ötken.
English starts here
Turghun Almas (1924-2001) was a significant figure in 20th-century Uyghur history, renowned as a historian and poet. He faced severe repression from the Chinese Communist Party due to the publication of three works, including The Uyghurs in 1989. He was stripped of his publishing rights for life, and all his works were banned, yet he remains one of the most influential representatives of the Uyghur intellectual community.
Turghun Almas was born on October 30, 1924, in Döletbagh Township, Konasheher (Shule) County, Kashgar. From 1934 to 1939, he received primary and secondary education in Kashgar, and from 1939 to 1942, he studied at the former Xinjiang Provincial Normal School in Ürümchi (Ürumqi) . He began his literary career in 1941, publishing a large number of poems and other literary works. In 1943, his poetry angered the warlord Sheng Shicai and the Nationalist authorities, leading to his imprisonment. While in prison, he wrote passionate poems such as "Prisoner," "Torch of Freedom," and "Two drops of tears," which were secretly circulated.
In early 1946, during peace negotiations between representatives of the East Turkestan Republic in Ili and the Guomindang Central Government, Turghun Almas was released and returned to his hometown of Kashgar. His poem from that period, "My Body is Like a Fallen Leaf," became widely popular among the people and had a profound impact. The poem was later adapted into a song, becoming a classic still sung by the Uyghur people today.
In May 1947, when Zhang Zhizhong, the plenipotentiary representative of the Guomindang Central Government in Xinjiang, visited Kashgar, Turghun Almas organized local Uyghur youth to stage mass demonstrations against Nationalist Chinese rule. As a youth representative, he submitted a petition to Zhang Zhizhong. Two months later, he was arrested again by the Chinese police in Kashgar. After his release in April 1949, he fled via Ürümchii to the Ili region, which was under the control of the East Turkestan Republic's national army, seeking refuge.
After the Chinese Communist Party won the civil war against the Nationalists and occupied East Turkestan at the end of 1949, Turghun Almas worked in government institutions in Ghulja (Yining), Ürümchi, and Kashgar. Starting in 1953, he served as an editor, translator, and professional writer at the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Federation of Literary and Art Circles
From the 1950s onward, Turghun Almas continued his literary creations, producing numerous poems, novels, and plays, while also dedicating himself to the study of Uyghur history and literary history, publishing many works. However, during the "Anti-Rightist and Anti-Local Nationalism Campaign" that began at the end of 1957 and the subsequent Cultural Revolution, his works were criticized, and he was politically persecuted. He was sent to labor reform camps for an extended period and stripped of his rights to write and create.
In the early 1980s, Turghun Almas resumed his research on Uyghur literature and history, publishing papers and monographs. Between 1986 and 1989, his three major works—The Uyghurs, A Brief History of the Huns, and Ancient Uyghur Literature—were published, creating a significant impact among Uyghur readers.
However, following the suppression of the students’ protests at the Tiananmen Square, the Propaganda Department of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Party Committee launched a large-scale political campaign in Ürümchii. Over a hundred government backed historians and propaganda officials from across the country were mobilized to criticize Turghun Almas's three works. Related critical articles were published in official media such as Xinjiang Daily for several years. From the second half of 1989 to the early 1990s, universities, literary circles, research institutes, and government agencies in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region conducted "critical education" campaigns targeting these three books.
Thereafter, historian Turghun Almas was deprived of his rights to write and publish. He spent his later years under political repression and house arrest. Despite the Chinese government's strict restrictions on his works, his reputation and influence among the Uyghur people continued to grow. Although The Uyghurs and his other two books were ordered to be confiscated and strictly banned by the Chinese government, they were later repeatedly published and disseminated by exiled Uyghur communities and organizations.
Historian and poet Turghun Almas passed away in Ürümchi in 2001 at the age of 77.
