Sherqiy Türkistan Tarixi/History of East Turkestan

(English follows)

Muhemmed Emin Bughraning “Sherqiy Türkistan Tarixi” namliq kitabi 20-esirning aldinqi yérimida bir Uyghur tarixchisi teripidin Sherqiy Türkistan tarixi heqqide yézilghan tunji sistémiliq kitab bolup hésablinidu. Bu kitab aptorning Afghanistandiki siyasiy musapiret hayati jeryanida, yeni 1940-yili Kabulda yézilip tamamlan’ghan. 1941-yili Keshmirde tunji qétim bésilghan, 1948-yili Ürümchide qayta toluqlinip we tüzitilip, aldinqi yüz betke yéqin qismi Altay neshriyatida bésilghan bolsimu, emma uzun ötmeyla Gomindang da’iriliri teripidin cheklen’gen. 1949-yilidin kéyin, “Sherqiy Türkistan Tarixi” namliq bu kitap Kommunist Xitay da’iriliri teripidin téximu qattiq cheklen’gen. Kompartiyening teshwiqat organliri yeqinqi 70 nechche yildin buyan bu kitabni “Shinjangning tarixini burmilighan zeherlik chöp”, “saxta tarix” dep qarilap kelmekte, shundaqla Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonida élip bérilghan her qetimliq siyasiy heriket we dolqunlarda nuqtiliq tenqid obéykti qilip kelmekte.

Aptor “Sherqiy Türkistan Tarixi” namliq kitabining muqeddime qismida bu eserni yézishtiki meqsiti heqqide toxtilip, mundaq dep yazghan: “Düshmenlirimiz qedimki we hazirqi tariximizni qesten burmilap, millitimizni tarixta héchqachan musteqil dölet qurmighan, bashqilarning kontrolluqida yashap kelgen qalaq millet, dep körsitishke urunup keldi hem kelmekte. Halbuki, bir milletning tarixini yoshurush esla mumkin emes. Shu sewebtin ulugh wetinim we eziz millitimning tarixigha ait melumatlarni toplap, heqiqiy tariximizni öz eyni boyiche xelqimizge yetküzüshni özümge bir wezipe dep bildim. Siyasiy musapirchiliq hayatimda Kabuldiki imkaniyet we waqtimdin paydilinip, Sherqiy Türkistan tarixi toghrisida qolgha keltürüshke mumkin bolidighan menbe hem tarixiy melumatlarni toplap, bir qanche yil tetqiq qildim. Bu kitabni Sherqiy Türkistan til-yéziqida tamamlap, eziz millitimge teqdim qildim.”

“Sherqiy Türkistan Tarixi” omumiy jehettin töt chong bölüm, nechche on baptin teshkil tapqan zor hejimlik tarix kitabidur. Birinchi bölüm muqeddime bolup, uningda Ottura Asiya tarix-jughrapiyesi we Sherqiy Türkistanning tarixi heqqide omumiy bayan bérilgen; Ikkinchi bölümde Hunlar we qedimki Türklerning tarix sehnisige chiqishidin bashlap, taki 1758-yili Menching Impriyesining Sherqiy Türkistanni ishghal qilishighiche bolghan ming yildin artuq tarix menbeler asasida tepsiliy bayan qilin’ghan; Üchinchi bölümde Manching istilasidin kéyinki Sherqiy Türkistanda kötürülgen toxtawsiz milliy inqilablar, 19-esirning 60-70-yillirida Sherqiy Türkistanda qurulghan yerlik musteqil hakimiyetler, Zo Zongtang qomandanliqidiki Menching armiyesining 1878-yili Sherqiy Türkistanni ikkinchi qétim istila qilishi, Jungxwa Mingoning deslepki mezgilliridiki Sherqiy Türkistanning siyasiy we ijtima’iy ehwali bayan qilin’ghan; Tötinchi bölüm bu kitabning eng yarqin we janliq qismidur. Aptor 1930-yillardiki Sherqiy Türkistan milliy inqilabining biwasite qatnashquchisi we rehberliridin biri bolush süpiti bilen, shu qétimliq milliy inqilabning bashlinishidin tartip, Xoten Islam Hökümitining qurulushi, Qeshqerde Sherqiy Türkistan Islam Jumhuriyitining jakarlinishi, 1934-1937-yillar ariliqida Sherqiy Türkistan milliy inqilabining qanliq basturulushi we meghlub bolushi qatarqliq jeryanlarni sistémiliq bayan qilghan.

Muhemmed Emin Bughraning “Sherqiy Türkistan Tarixi” namliq bu kitabida Uyghur we Türkiy tilliridiki yerlik tarix menbeliri asasliq matériyal menbesi qilin’ghan. Shuning bilen bir waqitta aptor yene 20-esirning aldinqi yérimida qolgha kelgen Türk, Ereb-Pars, Rus, Xitay we Yawropa tilliridiki Ottura Asiya tarixigha da’ir menbelerdinmu yéterlik derijide paydilan’ghan. Mezkur kitabning yene bir alahidiki shuki, aptor tunji qétim Sherqiy Türkistan tarixini hazirqi zaman tarixshunasliq métodologoyesi we ilmiy sistémisi boyiche hem xasliqqa hem bir pütünlükke ige qilishqa tirishqan. Bolupmu mezkur kitabning 4-bölümi aptor özi yashighan, biwasite qatnashqan we rehberlik qilghan 1930-yillardiki Sherqiy Türkistan milliy inqilabigha béghishlan’ghan bolup, uslub jehettin qiziqarliq, yenggil we oqushchanliqqa ige. Muhajirettiki Uyghurlarning küchlük telipi we éhtiyaji boyiche bu kitabning 4-bölümi “Sherqiy Türkistan Milliy Inqilab Tarixi” dégen nam bilen 1971-yili Keshmirde ayrim kitab halitide neshir qilin’ghan.

“Sherqiy Türkistan Tarixi” yézilghan kündin tartip, deslep Gomindang da’irilir teripidin cheklen’gen bolsa, kéyinche Kommunist Xitay hökümiti we sabiq Sowét Ittipaqi teshwiqat mashiniliri teripidin hujum nishani bolup kelgen. Halbuki, Uyghurlar ichidiki öz tarixigha qiziqquchi awam köpchilik, bolupmu ziyaliylar qatlimi bu kitapni Uyghur xelqining tarix éytimi we tarix nuqti’iyneziridin yézilghan Sherqiy Türkistan tarixi heqqidiki tunji sistémiliq kitab dep qarap kelmekte. 1949-yilidin buyan “Sherqiy Türkistan Tarixi” namliq bu kitab Kommunist Xitay hakimiyiti teripidin “Shinjangdiki cheklen’gen kitablar” tizimlikining eng béshigha tizilip kelgen, shundaqla her qétimliq siyasiy heriketlerde tenqid obéykti bolup kelgen bolsimu, emma weten ichi we sirtidiki Uyghurlar bu kitabning qimmitini héchwaqit untup qalmighan. Kommunist Xitayning milletler siyasiti nisbeten yumshighan 1980-yillarda bu kitabning shapigrafta köpeytip bésilghan mexpiy nusxiliri Ürümchi, Qeshqer we Xotendiki aliy mektep oqughuchiliri arisida tarqalghan.

“Sherqiy Türkistan Tarixi” dunyagha kelgen kündin buyan Xitay hakimiyiti teripidin izchil cheklinip kelgen bolsimu, emma bu kitab muhajirettiki Uyghurlar teripidin köp qétim neshir qilin’ghan we keng tarqitilghan, shundaqla “Sherqiy Türkistan tarixi boyiche ul xaraktérliq eser, örnek kitab” dep qarilip kelgen. “Sherqiy Türkistan Tarixi”ning esli Uyghurche toluq metini aptorning qizi Fatime Bughra teripidin 1987-yili Enqerede neshir qilin’ghan. Bu kitabning Hazirqi Zaman Uyghur tilidiki toluq nusxasi aptorning jiyeni Muhemmed Yaqup Bughra teripidin 1998-yili Enqerede neshir qilin’ghan. 2018-yili Istanbuldiki Teklimakan Uyghur Neshriyati teripidin qayta neshir qilin’ghan. 2016-yili “Sherqiy Türkistan Tarixi”ning esli qolyazma nusxasi In’gilizche muqeddime bilen Tokyoda neshir qilin’ghan. 2021-yili bu kitabning Türk tilidiki akadémik neshri Ötüken neshriyati teripidin neshir qilin’ghan.

English starts here:

Muhammad Emin Buğra’s History of East Turkestan is considered the first systematic work on East Turkestan history written by a Uyghur historian in the first half of the 20th century. The book was completed during the author's political exile in Afghanistan, finalized in Kabul in 1940, and first published in Kashmir in 1941. In 1948, after the author’s re-editing and revision in Urumqi, the Altai Publishing House printed nearly the first hundred pages of the work, but it was soon banned by the Nationalist Chinese (Kuomintang) authorities. After 1949, the book was even more strictly banned by the CCP authorities. For nearly seventy years, the CCP's propaganda apparatus has consistently attacked the book, with an official publication (Xinjiang Difang Shi) characterizing it as "poisonous weeds that distort Xinjiang's history" and a "fabricated history," making it a key target of criticism in endless political movements in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR).

In the preface, the author wrote:

"Enemies deliberately tamper with our ancient and modern history, attempting to portray our nation as a backward group that has never established an independent state and has long been subject to others. However, a nation's history cannot be completely buried. I therefore regard collecting authentic historical materials about our homeland and nation as my mission." He specifically mentioned: "During my exile years in Kabul, I used limited resources to collect historical materials and spent several years completing this work written in the East Turkestan language, which I dedicate to my people."

The entire book is a monumental work of 866 pages divided into four major parts and dozens of chapters:
Introductory Section: Overview of Central Asian historical geography and the overall historical context of East Turkestan;

Ancient Section (3rd century BCE - 1758 CE): Over a thousand years of history from the Hun (Xiongnu) and ancient Türks entering the historical stage to the Qing Empire's occupation of East Turkestan;

Modern Section (1759 - 1920s): Several national uprisings by the local people of East Turkestan against Qing rule, local regimes that emerged in East Turkestan in the 1860s-70s, Zuo Zongtang's second occupation of East Turkestan with Qing forces in 1878, and the political situation of East Turkestan during the early Republican China period;

Contemporary Section (1930s): As a participant and leader in the East Turkestan national independence revolution of the 1930s, the author vividly and systematically recorded the entire course of the uprising, the establishment of the Hotan Islamic regime, the declaration of the East Turkestan Islamic Republic, and the process of national revolutionary failure from 1934-1937. Due to strong demand from exiled Uyghurs, this section was separately published in Kashmir in 1971 under the title History of the East Turkestan National Revolution.

The book primarily relies on Uyghur and Turkic indigenous historical sources, while extensively utilizing Central Asian historical documents in Turkish, Arabic-Persian, Russian, Chinese, and European languages acquired in the first half of the 20th century. Its distinctive feature lies in being the first to construct a scientific system of East Turkestan history using modern historiographical methodology, with the fourth section being particularly notable for combining academic value with readability.

Despite successive attacks by Nationalist Chinese and Communist authorities as well as the former Soviet propaganda machine, Uyghur people, especially intellectuals, still regard it as the first systematic work based on their own national historical perspective and historical discourse.

Overseas Uyghur communities have repeatedly reprinted and promoted this book, with historians such as Muhammed Emin Bugra praising it as an exemplary work on East Turkestan history. The complete original Uyghur text was published in Ankara in 1987 by the author's daughter, Fatima Buğra.

A modern Uyghur language revised edition was released in Ankara in 1998 by Dr. Muhammad Yaqub Buğra. The last complete version of the book was republished in 2018 by the Taklamakan Uyghur Publishing House in Istanbul. In 2016, a facsimile edition of the original manuscript was published in Tokyo with an English introduction. In 2021, a Turkish academic edition was released by Ötüken Publishing House.